![]() The heat stabilizer and the colorant are mainly used for opaque polyvinyl chloride hard pipes, plates, injection molding products, rubber and artificial leather products and the like due to its excellent insulating properties, it is widely used for electrical insulating materials of polyvinyl chloride because it has the advantages of stability to light and no discoloration, and can be used for coloring paint. The tribasic lead sulfate is an important chemical raw material, has a stabilizing effect on polyvinyl chloride, has excellent heat resistance and electrical insulation, has good light resistance, and is particularly suitable for high-temperature processing. H 2O) is white or slightly reddish or slightly yellowish powder, has a specific gravity of 7.10, a melting point of 820 ℃, is sweet, toxic, easy to absorb moisture, non-combustible and insoluble in H 2O and CH 3CH 2OH, but dissolved in acid and hot ammonium acetate solution, changes color when wet and decomposes itself.Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.) Filing date Publication date Application filed by Hunan University filed Critical Hunan University Priority to CNB2006100313868A priority Critical patent/CN100400424C/en Publication of CN1830804A publication Critical patent/CN1830804A/en Application granted granted Critical Publication of CN100400424C publication Critical patent/CN100400424C/en Status Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical Links Original Assignee Hunan University Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.) ![]() ( en Inventor 张盼月 曾光明 蒋剑虹 王东升 Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.) Granted Application number CN 200610031386 Other languages Chinese ( zh) Google Patents Method of preparing tribasic lead sulphate using lead mud in waste lead batteryĭownload PDF Info Publication number CN1830804A CN1830804A CN 200610031386 CN200610031386A CN1830804A CN 1830804 A CN1830804 A CN 1830804A CN 200610031386 CN200610031386 CN 200610031386 CN 200610031386 A CN200610031386 A CN 200610031386A CN 1830804 A CN1830804 A CN 1830804A Authority CN China Prior art keywords lead sulfate reacting filter residue filtering Prior art date Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google Patents CN1830804A - Method of preparing tribasic lead sulphate using lead mud in waste lead battery CN1830804A - Method of preparing tribasic lead sulphate using lead mud in waste lead battery ![]()
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![]() ![]() With just the raw amount of these, it breaks the flow of the game constantly seeing wall sockets, light switches, and panels locked in clear view rather than being cleverly hidden away in the set. At times looking at all of these locked boxes, no one was sure if it was part of the puzzles, or an off-limits item. One major issue with the scenic though is the immersion break on the NUMEROUS, and I can’t emphasize this enough, amount of random padlocks on electrical boxes throughout the rooms. From the furnace, to the bathroom, to the underground tunnel system, each room pushes the limit of set design in this twisted game. In total there are six separate zones, each as disturbing and creepy as the rest. Fans of the movie series will recognize certain rooms and set features along the way. Moving from room to room, the scenic quality maintains expectations throughout. This room in itself could pass off as the floor space for a small escape game, but there is more to come. Hogs hanging from the ceiling on large metal hooks, meat grinders filled with various parts leading in to assembly lines, and a big freezer round out the large space. After setting up a creepy monologue about our peril, the game begins in a dark, dirty, bloody, and disturbing pig processing room. The meat processing room is where we first encounter our host of the tour, Jigsaw. Lockers are busted up, belongings scattered all around, it can be hard to figure out what’s part of the game or part of the background. Moving through the break room into the locker room, things start to take a dark tone very quickly. This is just the beginning to the twisted world we are about to enter. Guests start out in the break room of sorts, filled with half eaten food and trash all over. Our tour of the plant moves through six distinct parts, each with their own unique set designs. Instead of an escape room company logo on a building, we approach a large warehouse area branded as Egan & Co. Starting from the arrival to the venue, the scenic value kicks in immediately. All we know is that the Jigsaw killer has us exactly where he wants us, in his killing grounds. ![]() In an unexpected twist, we are in fact trapped inside the meat packaging plant and forced to play a game to survive. Sounds like a bit of a tame trip doesn’t it? Well it is, until we realize there is much more to this tour than expected. On a typical day in Vegas, a group of unsuspecting guests decide to take a tour of the Egan & Co. By working together to combat their fears, venture far out of their comfort zones, and solve intricate puzzles, guests will have the opportunity to win their freedom as they traverse the twists and turns of an entire factory of Jigsaw’s games. Meat Packing Plant for an after hours tour, only to find they are players in an elaborate game devised by the infamous Jigsaw killer and his disciples. We really wanted to play a game, but Jigsaw had other plans. RATING: 2 Keys RESULT: Loss REMAINING: X:XX ![]() ![]() ![]() Space is limited and pre-registration is required. ![]() We offer optional hands-on crafts to make something special to take home. Several surgical techniques will be demonstrated, and none of them will be frightening to watch. With Global Learning being such an important part of our education here at Westminster. Experience 18th-century life through costumed interpreters, hands-on activities, and military demonstrations. This years theme was Blue Skies and Brave Conversations. Stop at the apothecary tent to learn about 18th-century medicine. Spring 2023 Event Brave Church Westminster, CO. This will be introduced by a rousing fife and drum march and concluded with a booming artillery demonstration. Though similar, you will learn the differences between the two opposing forces. Summary The BRAVE Kids Campus Director is responsible to love, lead, manage, and hold accountable all BRAVE Church Westminster Childrens Ministry personnel and programming. Come and hear “the shot heard round the world.” 18th-Century Military Demonstration – twice dailyīoth Continental and British troops will demonstrate 18th-century military maneuvers. Tension mounts as the Major-General Thomas Gage orders the British soldiers to seize arms and ammunition from the colonists. 1775 – Colonial Location – Lexington Massachusetts ![]() Aspects of colonial American life will be available for you to experience – agriculture, blacksmith, education, games, gunsmith, military, and much more. For more information please do get in touch via our contact form or give us a call on 020 7390 1590 to discuss your event.Experience 18th-century life through costumed interpreters, hands-on activities, and military demonstrations. Realtime driving directions to BRAVE Church, 11500 Sheridan Boulevard, Westminster, based on live traffic updates and road conditions from Waze fellow. These people are professional scroungers and they will try every trick in the book to get a freebie!!Īnd in closing I would just like to say that if anyone is offended by this blog, I suggest they take a long hard look in the mirror, because it may well be you I am talking about! There is always one final option, just say no! Say no to the extra guests they want to bring, say no if they turn up uninvited, and say no when they phone up asking to be put on the list. I have genuinely done this, and it works. Ask them where and what were the last three events they booked, ask them for references from those events, and even ask them for copies of the invoices. So be brave, ask the uncomfortable questions of those you suspect might not be genuine clients. But on the other hand, it will give us the opportunity to clean our data. ![]() So what can we do? Well to be honest it’s not going to get any easier to vet as GDPR will make it harder to create and share lists of undesirables. At exhibitions they will be carrying or wheeling a large bag or suitcase of some sort.They may have non-business style email addresses and only mobile phone numbers as their contact details.They will very often position themselves close to the door where the canapes are entering the room, and will swoop on poor unsuspecting waiting staff.They tend not to be the youngest people in the room Brian enjoys baking coconut macaroons, cooking for his family and friends, and cheering people when they do brave things.They are generally in small groups talking to themselves and rarely show any interest in engaging with hosts or exhibitors.You may well recognise them, but not be sure why or where from?.So, what are the tell-tale signs that you have attracted some members of this sub species to your event? Well here are a few tips: We are talking about a group of people who have no shame, and probably no fridge! Let’s face it they don’t need one as we provide all their meals for free! I have been told that the real professionals use more than one identity to get on to guest lists, and sometimes attend several events a day. The general feeling was that whether they are lurking round an exhibition stand waiting to grab a free gift or hanging out at drinks receptions stuffing their faces with free food and drink, these people are a blight on our industry. St Georges will be joining with many churches from across Maple Ridge and Pitt Meadows for an outdoor. It should have come as no surprise that the age-old problem of freeloaders, or clients without business, reared its ugly head. I was recently invited to sit on the panel at an Event Huddle breakfast about exhibiting at shows. ![]() ![]() We follow strict guidelines to ensure that our editorial content is not influenced by advertisers. Our goal is to give you the best advice to help you make smart personal finance decisions. Our editorial team does not receive direct compensation from our advertisers.īankrate’s editorial team writes on behalf of YOU – the reader. ![]() We maintain a firewall between our advertisers and our editorial team. Our editors and reporters thoroughly fact-check editorial content to ensure the information you’re reading is accurate. ![]() Our mission is to provide readers with accurate and unbiased information, and we have editorial standards in place to ensure that happens. Our award-winning editors and reporters create honest and accurate content to help you make the right financial decisions. We do not include the universe of companies or financial offers that may be available to you.īankrate follows a strict editorial policy, so you can trust that we’re putting your interests first. 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We are an independent, advertising-supported comparison service. ![]() ![]() The classic 19th century tale The Yellow Wallpaper is one famous example of this type of narrator. The unreliable narrator is particularly useful for horror and supernatural fiction writers who want readers to question the line between fantasy and reality. These books rely on readers to make inferences based on clues given by narrators who do not always accurately interpret events. The young autistic narrator of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon or the five-year-old narrator of Emma Donoghue’s Room are simply reporting the world as they understand it. Sometimes, a narrator is unreliable due to youth or naïveté. This type of narrator is not always deliberately deceptive. ![]() Often in books like these the reader starts out trusting the narrator and only as the story goes on realises that something is amiss. It can be difficult to discuss these types of narrators without spoiling the story, but both Agatha Christie’s classic novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd and the recent Gillian Flynn best seller Gone Girl employ unreliable narrators whose lack of trustworthiness is crucial to the construction of both novels’ mystery. Alex from A Clockwork Orange is another example of a reprehensible character sharing his unreliable narrative with the reader.ĭishonest narrators can also be used to great effect in stories of crime and mystery. In Lolita, Nabakov signals Humbert’s unreliability to the reader in a number of ways such as his outrageous claims, his endless justifications for shocking acts and his contempt for others. ![]() Perhaps one of the most famous is Vladimir Nabakov’s Humbert Humbert, a middle-aged man with a predilection for underaged girls or “nymphets” (as he calls them). A classic example is the murderous narrator of the Edgar Allan Poe story “The Telltale Heart”. In general, even people who commit the worst crimes justify their actions to themselves. In other words, some stories are told by narrators who are such terrible people that they cannot tell their stories objectively. Sometimes the narrator is unreliable by nature. The writer and the narrator in fiction are not the same person of course, so what does the writer stand to gain from using a misleading narrator to tell a story? What is the purpose of an untruthful narrator in fiction? And how can the writer ensure that the reader understands that the narrator is not to believed? In fact, prehistoric humans probably sat around fires knowingly listening to one hunter who always exaggerated his feats. The technique has been around as long as literature itself has been though. The phrase “unreliable narrator” was first used by the literary critic Wayne Booth in the early 1960s. This may be because the point of view character is insane, lying, deluded or for any number of other reasons. It is a character who tells the reader a story that cannot be taken at face value. His unreliability might be obvious to the reader throughout, it might be revealed gradually, or it might come as a revelation that provides a major plot twist. An unreliable narrator is one of the most powerful tools available to a writer. ![]() ![]() ![]() The idea is to provide a valid path to the truststore file - ideally it would be to use a relative one. I had some troubles with the path to the cacerts (the %java_home% environment variable is somehow overwritten), so I used this trivial solution. Under Windows I copied the cacerts file from jre/lib/security into the Eclipse install directory (same place as the eclipse.ini file) and added the following settings in eclipse.ini: =cacerts The error tells that the system cannot find the truststore in the path provided with the parameter. Whichever exists, and then remove the cacerts file and regenerate it in the manner described on the last row of the workaround script at the top of the post. In the files /etc/java-9-openjdk/security/curity The third least problematic workaround is to change the value of keystore.type=pkcs12 etc/java-11-openjdk/management/management.properties To the files /etc/java-9-openjdk/management/management.properties The next-best workaround is to add the row =changeit There are alternative workarounds as well, but those have their own side effects which will require extra future maintenance, for no payoff whatsoever. OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 10.0.1+10-Ubuntu-3ubuntu1, mixed mode) ![]() OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 10.0.1+10-Ubuntu-3ubuntu1) You can double-check the Java version you're executing: $ java -version ![]() Update-alternatives: error: no alternatives for mozilla-javaplugin.so You can set the Java alternatives to 'auto' with: $ sudo update-java-alternatives -a If the issue continues after this workaround, you might want to make sure that you're actually running the Java distribution you just fixed. □ JEP 229: Create PKCS12 Keystores by Default □ JDK-8044445 : JEP 229: Create PKCS12 Keystores by Default □ Debian 894979: ca-certificates-java: does not work with OpenJDK 9, applications fail with InvalidAlgorithmParameterException: the trustAnchors parameter must be non-empty □ docker-library 145: 9-jdk image has SSL issues □ Ubuntu 1739631: Fresh install with JDK 9 can't use the generated PKCS12 cacerts keystore file □ Ubuntu 1769013: Please merge ca-certificates-java 20180413 (main) from Debian unstable (main) □ Ubuntu 1770553: backport ca-certificates-java from cosmic (20180413ubuntu1) Status (), the bug has been fixed in Ubuntu Bionic LTS 18.04.1 and Ubuntu Cosmic 18.10. var/lib/dpkg/info/ca-certificates-java.postinst configure Re-add all the CA certs into the previously empty file. # Use 'printf' instead of 'echo' for Dockerfile RUN compatibility. Save an empty JKS file with the default 'changeit' password for Java cacerts. First make yourself root with 'sudo bash'. # The parameter by itself can be used as a workaround, as well. ![]() # to verify that this workaround is relevant to your particular issue. # Before applying, run your application with the Java command line parameter # create that file from scratch, like Debian / Ubuntu do. # Java applications use SSL and HTTPS, because Java 9 changed a file format, if you I guess the question is why is this enabled by default ? I can see it if you're connecting to a remote server, but a local installation doesn't make much sense.In Ubuntu 18.04, this error has a different cause (JEP 229, switch from the jks keystore default format to the pkcs12 format, and the Debian cacerts file generation using the default for new files) and workaround: # Ubuntu 18.04 and various Docker images such as openjdk:9-jdk throw exceptions when I'm reporting this becomes it was a tad frustrating, and it also threw differing errors such as "Unable to to Retrieve Public Key" after a fresh reboot each time (Which was of course overcome with the available "Enable Public Key Retrieval" option enabled.) If I wasn't used to experimenting I'd have likely grown frustrated and used a different product :P not that MySql doesn't seem to be attempting to do that very thing with some of its nuisances. This occurs when the only option under ssl that has been checked is "Verify server certifcate" when "Use SSL" has been checked.Įven if this gets marked as "User Error" makes me wonder, maybe some explanation being added to that screen is a good idea ? Little tip that says "Not necessary for localhost installations" Or "Uncheck this for localhost connections. The trustAnchors parameter must be non-empty : the trustAnchors parameter must be non-empty With a standard localhost setup of MySQL 8.0 Community edition.įollowing error occurs with the ssl defaults checked, once Use SSL is enabled.Ĭould not load trustJKS keystore from file:/home/ /.local/share/DBeaverData/workspace6/.metadata/.plugins//security/mysql8-17bdc0e09b2-d25dddb891738b4-ssl.jks ![]() ![]() Strong communication skills including: Ability to hear and understand all information provided by patient or healthcare provider in a remote environment and transcribe into clear written records.Successful completion of AQuity’s scribe training program.OR college-level courses in medical terminology, anatomy, and physiology. Working knowledge of medical terms through: Recent clinical experience as a medical assistant, medical transcriptionist, etc.What skills do YOU need to be successful as a Virtual Medical Scribe? Great benefits including insurance options, 401k, holiday and paid time off.Company equipment is provided! (Upon successful completion of training program.).Opportunities for growth and leadership experience!.Work from the comfort of your own home! Our scribe teams are 100% remote.Utilizing EHR/EMR programs like Epic, Athena, Cerner, etc.Communicating and verifying patient information with physicians.Actively listening to live conversations between physicians and patients.Virtual Medical Scribes document physician-patient encounters by… Allowing physicians to focus more on their patients!.Improving accuracy of clinical documentation!. ![]()
![]() ![]() I can control it better." Other equipment he uses include the E-mu SP-1200 drum machine and other keyboards from such manufacturers as Korg, Rhodes, Wurlitzer, Moog, and Roland.Īfter founding Aftermath Entertainment in 1996, Dr. In 2001 he told Time magazine, "I may hear something I like on an old record that may inspire me, but I'd rather use musicians to re-create the sound or elaborate on it. Unlike most rap producers, he tries to avoid samples as much as possible, preferring to have studio musicians re-play pieces of music he wants to use, because it allows him more flexibility to change the pieces in rhythm and tempo. He cites 1970s funk musicians such as George Clinton, Isaac Hayes and Curtis Mayfield as his primary musical influences. Dre has said that his primary instrument in the studio is the Akai MPC3000, a drum machine and sampler, and that he often uses as many as four or five to produce a single recording. Curtis Young was brought up by his mother and first met his father 20 years later, when Curtis became rapper Hood Surgeon.ĭr. Young fathered a son, Curtis, born December 15, 1981, with Lisa Johnson. Thereafter, he focused on his social life and entertainment for the remainder of his high school years. Young attempted to enroll in an apprenticeship program at Northrop Aviation Company, but poor grades at school made him ineligible. Young attended Centennial High School in Compton during his freshman year in 1979, but transferred to Fremont High School due to poor grades. His stepbrother Warren Griffin III, would eventually become rapper Warren G. Verna later married Warren Griffin, whom she met at her new job in Long Beach, which added three stepsisters and one stepbrother to the family. In 1976, Young began attending Vanguard Junior High School in Compton, but due to gang violence, he transferred to the safer suburban Roosevelt Junior High School. They had three children together, two sons named Jerome and Tyree (both deceased) and daughter Shameka. Married in 1964, André's parents separated in 1968 and divorced in 1972. André's middle name, Romelle, is derived from his father's amateur R&B singing group, The Romells. He was the first child of Theodore and Verna Young. Rolling Stone ranked Dre at 56 on their list of "100 Greatest Artists of All-Time".Īndré Romelle Young was born in Compton, California on February 18, 1965. ![]() Dre has also had acting roles in movies such as Set It Off, The Wash and Training Day. Dre signed Eminem and 50 Cent to his record label in 19 respectively, while contributing production on their albums. During the 2000s, he focused on production for other artists, while occasionally contributing vocals to songs. Dre Presents the Aftermath in 1996, and released a solo album titled 2001 in 1999, for which he won the Grammy producer's award. ![]() He produced a compilation album titled Dr. In 1996, he left Death Row to establish his own label, Aftermath Entertainment. That same year he produced Death Row labelmate Snoop Dogg's quadruple platinum debut Doggystyle. His 1992 solo debut The Chronic, released under Death Row Records, led him to become one of the best-selling American performing artists of 1993 and to win a Grammy Award for the single "Let Me Ride". Dre was ranked as the third richest figure in the American hip hop scene by Forbes with a net worth of $250 million.ĭre began his career as a member of the World Class Wreckin' Cru and later found fame with the influential gangsta rap group N.W.A with Eazy-E, Ice Cube, MC Ren, and DJ Yella, which popularized the use of explicit lyrics in rap to detail the violence of street life. He is credited as a key figure in the popularization of West Coast G-funk, a style of rap music characterized as synthesizer-based with slow, heavy beats. He has produced albums for and overseen the careers of many rappers, including Snoop Dogg, Eminem, Xzibit, 50 Cent, The Game and more recently Kendrick Lamar. Dre was previously the co-owner and artist of Death Row Records. He is the founder and current CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics. Dre, is an American record producer, rapper and entrepreneur. Dre-)):::: -:-:- FUTURE STYLE -:-:- electronic machines and trend artists MUSIC magazineĭr. ![]() ![]() ![]() Inkscape can save as SVG, SVGZ, PDF, Postscript/EPS/EPSi, LaTeX (*.tex), POVRay (*.pov), HPGL, and MANY others. because your document contains bitmaps and the PNG file size is too large, or you want to use your vector image on a platform which only accepts JPEG), you will need to convert the exported PNG with another software (such as GIMP or ImageMagick) or an extension (see this one for JPEG). If you need to convert your vector image into another raster image format (e.g. ![]() Inkscape does not intend to export other raster formats than PNG as this is currently the most suitable format for vector graphics: it is an open format which uses lossless compression and is typically supported by all graphics or rendering software. Inkscape can natively import most raster formats (JPEG, PNG, GIF, etc.) as bitmap images, but it can only export PNG bitmaps. For formats of Dia, XFig, or Sketch, you need to have those programs installed. For importing PostScript or EPS, please see How to open EPS files in Windows. With the help of extensions, Inkscape can open a number of other vector formats. And, as of version 0.91, Inkscape can import CDR (CorelDraw) and VSD (Visio) natively. ![]() Inkscape natively supports opening or importing many different formats, such as SVG, SVGZ (gzipped SVG), PDF, EPS, and AI (Adobe Illustrator) formats. Note that Windows 98/Me and 2000 are no longer supported. We know that Inkscape is successfully used on FreeBSD and other Unix-like operating systems. We provide source tarballs for Linux (binary packages are offered by the distributor) as well as flatpak and snap packages and a ppa for Ubuntu, packages for Windows (32bit and 64bit, portable app, fully self-contained installer, binary without installation), and Mac OS X (DMG, also MacPorts, Homebrew provided by community members). For more information, see About SVG below. Its acceptance has grown fast! Most, if not all, vector editors can import and export SVG, and all modern browsers (including IE, starting with IE9) can display it directly, i.e. Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is an open, industry-standard XML-based format for vector graphics developed by the W3C. An imported raster images becomes yet another object in your vector graphics, and you can do with it everything you can do to other kinds of objects (move, transform, clip, etc.). Note that Inkscape can import and display raster images, too. Raster graphics tend to be better for photographs and some kinds of artistic drawings, while vectors are more suitable for design compositions, logos, images with text, technical illustrations, etc. Each has its own purpose and is useful for different kinds of things. Vector graphics are a complement, rather than an alternative, to raster graphics. A rasterization engine uses this information to determine how to plot each line and curve at any resolution or zoom level.Ĭontrast that to raster ("bitmap") graphics, which is always bound to a specific resolution, and stores an image as a grid of pixels. Vector graphics is a resolution-independent description of the actual shapes and objects that you see in the image. In contrast to raster (“bitmap”) graphics editors such as Photoshop or GIMP, Inkscape stores its graphics in a vector format. What sets Inkscape apart is its use of Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), an open XML-based W3C standard, as the native format. Inkscape is an open-source vector graphics editor similar to Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw, Freehand, or Xara X. ![]() ![]() ![]() "Our models predict fields and currents in Earth's upper atmosphere and propagate these currents down to the ground." With less than 30 minutes to go, Solar Shield can issue an alert to utilities with detailed information about GICs. "We quickly feed the data into CCMC computers," says Pulkkinen. These data are transmitted to Earth and the waiting Solar Shield team. Sensors onboard ACE make in situ measurements of the CME's speed, density, and magnetic field. The crucial moment comes about 30 minutes before impact when the cloud sweeps past ACE, a spacecraft stationed 1.5 million km upstream from Earth. The CCMC is a place where leading researchers from around the world have gathered their best physics-based computer programs for modeling space weather events. "We work at Goddard's Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC)," says Pulkkinen. While the CME is crossing the sun-Earth divide, a trip that typically takes 24 to 48 hours, the Solar Shield team prepares to calculate ground currents. Images from SOHO and NASA's twin STEREO spacecraft show us the cloud from as many as three points of view, allowing us to make a 3D model of the CME, and predict when it will arrive." "Solar Shield springs into action when we see a coronal mass ejection (CME) billowing away from the sun. The innovation of Solar Shield is its ability to deliver transformer-level predictions. Transformers protected in this way would be available again for normal operations when the storm is over. That itself could cause a blackout, but only temporarily. During extreme storms, engineers could safeguard the most endangered transformers by disconnecting them from the grid. That is why a node-by-node forecast of geomagnetic currents is potentially so valuable. Permanent damage to the Salem New Jersey Nuclear Plant GSU Transformer caused by the Mageomagnetic storm. As the National Academy report notes, "these multi-ton apparatus cannot be repaired in the field, and if damaged in this manner they need to be replaced with new units which have lead times of 12 months or more." With demand for power growing even faster than the grids themselves, modern networks are sprawling, interconnected, and stressed to the limit-a recipe for trouble, according to the National Academy of Sciences: "The scale and speed of problems that could occur on have the potential to impact the power system in ways not previously experienced."Ī large-scale blackout could last a long time, mainly due to transformer damage. This has turned power grids into giant antennas for geomagnetically induced currents. Since the beginning of the Space Age the total length of high-voltage power lines crisscrossing North America has increased nearly 10 fold. Credit: North American Electric Reliability Corporation and the US Dept. ![]() Growth of the High Voltage Transmission Network and annual electric energy usage in the United States over the past 50 years. A 2009 report by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and the US Department of Energy concluded that modern power systems have a "significantly enhance vulnerability and exposure to effects of a severe geomagnetic storm." The underlying reason may be seen at a glance in this plot: While many utilities have taken steps to fortify their grids, the overall situation has only gotten worse. A similar series of "Halloween storms" in October 2003 triggered a regional blackout in southern Sweden and may have damaged transformers in South Africa. The storm damaged transformers in Quebec, New Jersey, and Great Britain, and caused more than 200 power anomalies across the USA from the eastern seaboard to the Pacific Northwest. This actually happened in Quebec on March 13, 1989, when a geomagnetic storm much less severe than the Carrington Event knocked out power across the entire province for more than nine hours. Powerful GICs can overload circuits, trip breakers, and in extreme cases melt the windings of heavy-duty transformers. These magnetic vibrations induce currents almost everywhere, from Earth's upper atmosphere to the ground beneath our feet. When a coronal mass ejection (a billion-ton solar storm cloud) hits Earth's magnetic field, the impact causes the field to shake and quiver. The troublemaker for power grids is the "GIC" – short for geomagnetically induced current. "We believe we can zero in on specific transformers and predict which of them are going to be hit hardest by a space weather event." "Solar Shield is a new and experimental forecasting system for the North American power grid," explains project leader Antti Pulkkinen, a Catholic University of America research associate working at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The sun rises behind high-voltage power lines in North America.Ī new NASA project called "Solar Shield" could help keep the lights on. ![]() |